hysteresis time of primary frequency modulation response

phase modulation pulse modulation

Hormesis Response Exciting Response

(light-)frequency modulation

∑-△ Modulation

∑△modulation

∑- modulation

128TCM modulation

16QAM modulation

1-zero vector modulation

2FSK modulation

3D space vector modulation

3-dimensional space vector modulation (3D SVPWM)

3-zero vector modulation

4-level frequency modulation (4-level FM)

64 QAM modulation

64QAM Modulation

a mplitude modulation

abrupt phase change digital modulation